Research references

The studies behind The Science, grouped by topic. Each title links to the paper or its summary.

Pain

Little P, Lewith G, Webley F, et al. (2008). Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain. BMJ, 337, a884.
MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Richmond S, et al. (2015). Alexander Technique lessons or acupuncture sessions for persons with chronic neck pain (ATLAS): a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163(9), 653–662.
Hodges M, Cohen R, Cacciatore T (2024). Modern pain science and Alexander Technique: how might Alexander Technique reduce pain? Kinesiology Review, 13, 548–577.
Woodman JP, Moore NR (2012). Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 66(1), 98–112.

Stallibrass C, Sissons P, Chalmers C (2002). Randomized controlled trial of the Alexander Technique for idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Rehabilitation, 16(7), 695–708.
Cohen RG, Gurfinkel VS, Kwak E, Warden AC, Horak FB (2015). Lighten up: specific postural instructions affect axial rigidity and step initiation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 29(9), 878–888.
O’Neill MM, Anderson DI, Allen DD, Ross C, Hamel KA (2015). Effects of Alexander Technique training experience on gait behavior in older adults. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 19(3), 473–481.
Johnson PM et al. (2023). Altered coordination strategies during upright stance and gait in teachers of the Alexander Technique. Frontiers in Aging.

Cacciatore TW, Gurfinkel VS, Horak FB, Cordo PJ, Ames KE (2011). Increased dynamic regulation of postural tone through Alexander Technique training. Human Movement Science, 30(1), 74–89.
Cacciatore TW, Horak FB, Henry SM (2005). Improvement in automatic postural coordination following Alexander Technique lessons in a person with low back pain. Physical Therapy, 85(6), 565–578.
Loram ID, Bate B, Harding P, Cunningham R, Loram A (2017). Proactive selective inhibition targeted at the neck muscles: this proximal constraint facilitates learning and regulates global control. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(4), 357–369.
Preece SJ, Jones RK, Brown CA, Cacciatore TW, Jones AKP (2016). Reductions in co-contraction following neuromuscular re-education in people with knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 17, 372.
Cacciatore TW, Johnson PM, Cohen RG (2020). Potential mechanisms of the Alexander Technique: toward a comprehensive neurophysiological model. Kinesiology Review, 9(3), 199–213.
Austin JH, Ausubel P (1992). Enhanced respiratory muscular function in normal adults after lessons in proprioceptive musculoskeletal education without exercises. Chest, 102(2), 486–490.

Klein SD, Bayard C, Wolf U (2014). The Alexander Technique and musicians: a systematic review of controlled trials. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 414.
Kinsey D, Glover L, Wadephul F (2021). How does the Alexander Technique lead to psychological and non-physical outcomes? A realist review. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 46, 101371.

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain. Pain, 161(9), 1976–1982.
Moseley GL, Butler DS (2015). Fifteen years of explaining pain: the past, present, and future. The Journal of Pain, 16(9), 807–813.
Wulf G (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 77–104.
Gose R, Abraham A (2021). Looking beyond the binary: an extended paradigm for focus of attention in human motor performance. Experimental Brain Research, 239(6), 1687–1699.
Morasso P, Casadio M, Mohan V, Rea F, Zenzeri J (2015). Revisiting the body-schema concept in the context of whole-body postural-focal dynamics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 83.
Jones FP (1997). Freedom to Change: The Development and Science of the Alexander Technique. Mouritz.